Thermal Heat Insulation/

Conduction: The transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules. Insulation materials are typically poor conductors of heat. ​Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (like air or water). Many insulating materials work by trapping small pockets of air, which is a very poor conductor, preventing it from circulating and transferring heat. ​Radiation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, which can move through a vacuum. Some insulating materials, like reflective foils, are designed to reflect radiant heat back to its source.